Professor M Timm Hoffman

Director

Research Interests

I am interested in how land use practices, particularly over the last 100 years, have impacted on the biodiversity and landscapes of the Succulent Karoo, Nama-Karoo and Fynbos biomes in South Africa. I use a number of approaches (e.g. repeat fixed-point photography, ecological surveys, experimentation) to develop an accurate account of landscape and biodiversity change. This information informs conservation and management policy and also has relevance for the current focus on the long-term effects of climate change on the biota of the winter rainfall region. I have also established a long-term, interdisciplinary research programme in Paulshoek, a communal area in Namaqualand. The impact of natural resource use on Namaqualand's landscapes is understood in terms of the changing social and economic environments of the region.

Popular article about repeat photography

To read a popular article about repeat landscape photography and the rePhotoSA project, click here. Thie article was published in The Conversation Africa on 07 March 2022.

Recent awards

WWF Living Planet Award 2020

To read about the WWF Living Planet Award which I received in 2020, click here.

SAAB 2021 Silver Medal Award

To read about the SAAB 2021 Silver Medal Award which I received, click here.

Royal Society of South Africa Fellowship

To read about the Royal Society of South Africa Fellowship which I received in 2020, click here.

Teaching

I teach modules in undergraduate courses based on my research experiences in southern Africa and the American southwest. These include courses on the biomes of South Africa, land degradation and desertification, environmental change, inventory and monitoring, and the deserts of southern Africa. I also supervise Honours, MSc and PhD student projects which cover my range of research interests.

Background

I was born and schooled in the Eastern Cape, mostly in Port Elizabeth, although my undergraduate and honours degrees in Botany and Zoology were completed at the University of Cape Town (1981-1984). I returned to the Friendly City to start my MSc in 1985 at the then University of Port Elizabeth (now the Nelson Mandela University) under the supervision of Richard Cowling. I upgraded my Masters and completed my PhD on the impact of grazing on the vegetation of the Sundays River Valley in 1989. This was followed by a year at the Jornada Long-Term Ecological Research site at Las Cruces, New Mexico in the USA where I worked with Walt Whitford and post-doc colleague Craig James from Australia. I returned to employment at the National Botanical Institute at Kirstenbosch (now the South African National Biodiversity Institute - SANBI) in 1991 where I worked for ten years and led a national review of land degradation for South Africa. In 2001 I joined the staff of UCT as the Leslie Hill Chair of Plant Conservation and Director of the Plant Conservation Unit (previously the Institute for Plant Conservation - IPC).

Publications

(i) Scientific articles

  1. Gillson L, Hoffman MT, Gell PA, Ekblom A, Bond WJ 2023. Trees, carbon and the psychology of landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2023.11.008

  2. Bell W, Hoffman MT, Visser V, Kirsten T. 2023. Modelling land degradation to augment Land Degradation Neutrality assessments – the Succulent Karoo biome of South Africa as a case study. Journal of Arid Environments 219: 105086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.105086

  3. Schmiedel U, Hanke W, Mayer C, Oldeland J, Hoffman MT. 2023. Vegetation dynamics over 18 years in response to seasonal climatic conditions and land use in the Kamiesberg Mountains of the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 2019: 105085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.105085

  4. Kirsten T, Hoffman MT, Bell WD, Visser V. 2023. A regional, remote sensing-based approach to mapping land degradation in the Little Karoo, South Africa.  Journal of Arid Environments 219: 105066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.105066

  5. Arena G, Hoffman MT, van der Merwe H, O’Connor TG 2023. Expansion of the Grassland Biome in the eastern Karoo corresponds with changes in rainfall and livestock numbers. African Journal of Range & Forage Science. 40(1): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2023.2175035

  6. Prader S, Gillson L, Hoffman MT, Chase B 2023. Late-Holocene fynbos-forest dynamics in Orange Kloof, Table Mountain National Park, South Africa. The Holocene. Published online 18 February 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231151823

  7. Manzano S, Quick LJ, Chase BM, Hoffman MT, Gillson L 2023. Changes in rainfall seasonality drive long-term vegetation dynamics in highly biodiverse Mediterranean ecosystems of the Cape Floristic Region (South Africa). Global and Planetary Change 220: 104014.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.104014

  8. van der Merwe S, Greve M, Skowno AL, Hoffman MT & Cramer MD 2023. Can vegetation be discretely classified in species poor environments? Testing plant community concepts for vegetation monitoring on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Ecology & Evolution 13: e9681. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9681

  9. Van Blerk JJ, West AG, Smit JL, Altwegg R, Hoffman MT 2022. UAVs improve detection of seasonal growth responses during post-fire shrubland recovery. Landscape Ecology 37(1): 3179-3199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-022-01535-4

  10. Kozanayi W, Wynberg R and Hoffman MT 2022. Does tenure influence sustainable use? The ecological impact of harvesting baobab. African Journal of Ecology 60: 1246-1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.13075  

  11. Bell WD, Visser V, Kirsten T, Hoffman MT 2022. An evaluation of different approaches which use Google Street View imagery to ground truth land degradation assessments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 194:732, pages 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10438-5

  12. Samuels MI, Allsopp N, Hoffman MT 2022. Stocking density and distribution in relation to vegetation in a biodiverse semi-arid pastoral system in South Africa. Rangeland Journal 44(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ21046

  13. Puttick JR, Hoffman MT, O’Conner TG. 2022. The effect of changes in human drivers on the fire regimes of South African grassland and savanna environments over the last 100 years. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 39(1): 107-123. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2022.2033322

  14. Eastment C, Humphrey G, Hoffman MT, Gillson L 2022. The influence of contrasting fire management practice on bush encroachment: lessons from Bwabwata National Park, Namibia. Journal of Vegetation Science 25(1): e13123. https://doi.org/10.1111/JVS.13123

  15. Humphrey G, Eastment C, Gillson L, Hoffman MT. 2022. Woody cover in relation to fire history and land-use in the savanna-woodlands of north-east Namibia (1996-2019). African Journal of Range & Forage Science 39(1): 96-106. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2021.2005145

  16. Archer E, Landman W, Du Toit J, Engelbrecht C, Hoffman MT, Stern M. 2022. The 2015-19 multi year drought in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: evolution and impacts.  Journal of Arid Environments 196: 104630. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196321001968

  17. Wilson LJ, Hoffman MT, Ferguson AJ and Cumming DHM 2021. Elephant browsing impacts in a Zambezian Baikiaea woodland with a high density of pumped waterholes. Global Ecology and Conservation 31: e01854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01854

  18. Scott SL, Venter ZA, Petersen H, Jack SL, Navarro RA, Hoffman MT 2021. Documenting landscapes with rePhotoSA: A repeat photography and citizen science project in southern Africa. Ecological Informatics 64: 101390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101390

  19. van Blerk J, West AG, Altwegg R, Hoffman MT 2021. Post-fire summer rainfall differentially affects reseeder and resprouter population recovery in fire-prone shrublands of South Africa. Science of the Total Environment 788: 20 September 2021, 147699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147699

  20. van Blerk J, West AG, Altwegg R, Hoffman MT 2021. Does a trade-off between growth plasticity and resource conservatism mediate post-fire shrubland response to rainfall seasonality? New Phytologist 230: 1407-1420. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.17246

  21. Cowling RM and Hoffman MT 2021. Multi-decadal vegetation change in dune vegetation of the south-eastern Cape Floristic Region: is thicket expansion without fire inevitable? South African Journal of Botany 142: 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.05.032

  22. Holden PB, Ziervogel G, Hoffman MT, New MG 2021. From subsistence grazing to nature-based recreation: Land use transition in a mountain global biodiversity hotspot. Land Use Policy 105, June 2021, 105429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105429

  23. Samuels MI, Allsopp N and Hoffman MT 2021. Changes in pastoral mobility in a semi-arid montane region of South Africa: The role of policy and legislation. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 38(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2020.1861096

  24. Bell W, Hoffman MT and Visser V 2021. Regional land degradation assessment for dryland environments: The Namaqualand Hardeveld bioregion of the Succulent Karoo biome as a case study. Land Degradation & Development 32: 2287-2302. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3900

  25. Hoffman MT, Cowling RM, Petersen H and Walker C 2021. Karoo research update: Progress, gaps and threats. South African Journal of Science 117(1/2): Article #8695. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/8695 [Viewpoint article]

  26. Fleury G, Hoffman MT and Todd SW 2021. Land reform and its impact on the arid South African environment: Riemvasmaak as a case study. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 38(2): 157-168. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2020.1783700

  27. Manzano S, Julier ACM, Dirk-Forbes CJ, Razafimanantsoa AHI, Samuels I, Petersen H, Gell P, Hoffman MT, Gillson L. 2020. Using the past to manage the future: the role of palaeoecological and long-term data in ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology 28(6): 1335-1342. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13285

  28. Hoffman MT, Rohde RF and Gillson L 2020. Further comments on analyzing trajectories of vegetation and landscape change in southern Africa from historical field photographs. Anthropocene 32 100274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100274

  29. Petersen H, Jack SL, Hoffman MT and Todd SW 2020. Patterns of plant species richness and growth form diversity in critical habitats of the Nama-Karoo biome, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 135: 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.028 

  30. Gillson L, MacPherson AJ, Hoffman MT 2020. Contrasting mechanism of resilience at semi-arid and temperate boundaries of fynbos, a mega-diverse heathland of  South Africa. Ecological Complexity 42 Article Number: 100827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100827

  31. Tokura W, Matimele H, Smit J and Hoffman MT 2020. Long-term changes in forest cover in a global biodiversity hotspot in southern Mozambique.  Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation. 50(1), a1. https://doi.org/10.38201/btha.abc.v50.i1.1.

  32. Venter Z, Scott SL, Desmet PG, Hoffman MT 2020. Application of Landsat-derived vegetation trends over South Africa: Potential for monitoring land degradation and restoration. Ecological Indicators 113: 106206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106206

  33. Hyvärinen O, Hoffman MT, Reynolds C 2019. Vegetation dynamics in the face of a major land use change: A 30-year case study from South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 36(3): 141-150. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2019.1627582

  34. MacPherson J, Gillson L, Hoffman MT 2019. Between- and within-biome resistance and resilience at the fynbos-forest ecotone, South Africa. The Holocene 29(11): 1801-1816. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619862046.

  35. Hoffman MT, Rohde RF and Gillson L 2019. Rethinking catastrophe? Historical trajectories and modelled future vegetation change in southern Africa. Anthropocene 25: 100189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2018.12.003

  36. McAuliffe JR, Hoffman MT, McFadden LD, Jack S, Bell W and King MP 2019. Whether or not heuweltjies: Context-dependent ecosystem engineering by the southern harvester termite, Microhodotermes viator. Journal of Arid Environments 163: 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.11.012

  37. McAuliffe, JR, Hoffman MT, McFadden LD, Bell W, Jack S, King MP and Nixon V 2019. Landscape patterning created by the southern harvester termite, Microhodotermes viator: Spatial dispersion of colonies and alterations of soils. Journal of Arid Environments 162: 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.11.010

  38. Rohde RF, Hoffman MT, Durbach I, Venter Z and Jack S 2019. Vegetation and climate change in the Pro-Namib and Namib Desert based on repeat photography: insights into climate trends.  Journal of Arid Environments 165: 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.01.007

  39. Samuels I, Allsopp N and Hoffman MT 2019. Traditional mobile pastoralism in a contemporary environment: herd mobility in a spatially-constrained, semi-arid rangeland in Namaqualand, South Africa. Rangeland Ecology & Management 72: 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama/2018.08.005

  40. Shackleton CM, Mograbi PJ, Drimie S, Fay D, Hebinck P, Hoffman MT, Maciejewski K and Twine W 2019. The deactivation of field cultivation in communal areas of South Africa: Patterns, drivers and socio-economic and ecological consequences. Land Use Policy 82: 686-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.009

  41. Van der Merwe H and Hoffman MT 2019. Vegetation of Akkerendam Nature Reserve, Northern Cape: Delineation and dynamics over 100 years. Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation 49(1), a2401. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v49i1.2401 

  42. Cramer MD, Power SC, Belev A, Gillson L, Bond WJ, Hoffman MT, Hedin LO 2019. Are forest-shrubland mosaics of the Cape Floristic Region an example of alternate stable states? Ecography 42: 717-729. DOI: 10.1111/ecog.03860

  43. Forbes CJ, Gillson L and Hoffman MT 2018. Shifting baselines in a changing world: restoration targets in endangered heathlands of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Anthropocene 22: 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2018.05.001

  44. Henschel JR, Hoffman MT, Walker C 2018. Introduction to the Karoo Special Issue: Trajectories of change in the Anthropocene. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 35(3-4): 151-156. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2018.1535214

  45. Hoffman MT, Walker C, Henschel JR 2018. Reflections on the Karoo Special Issue: Towards an interdisciplinary research agenda for South Africa’s drylands. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 35(3-4): 387-393. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2018.1540910

  46. Hoffman MT, Skowno A, Bell W and Mashele S 2018. Long-term changes in land use, land cover and vegetation in the Karoo drylands of South Africa: Implications for degradation monitoring. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 35(3-4): 209-221. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2018.1516237

  47. Jerardino A, Navarro R, Orton J, Button R, Halkett D, Webley L, Tusenius, Hoffman T and February E 2018. Late Holocene climatic and cultural variability at a focal point of settlement near Lamberts Bay, South Africa: test excavations at Soutpansklipheuwel. South African Archaeological Bulletin 73(207): 13-34.

  48. MacPherson J, Gillson L, Hoffman MT 2018. Climatic buffering and anthropogenic degradation of a Mediterrannean-type shrubland refugium at its semi-arid boundary, South Africa.  The Holocene 28(4): 651-666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617735582

  49. McAuliffe J, McFadden and Hoffman MT 2018. Role of aeolian dust in shaping landscapes and soils of arid and semi-arid South Africa.  Geosciences 8: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8050171

  50. Nenzhelele E, Todd SW and Hoffman MT 2018. Long-term impacts of livestock grazing in the Succulent Karoo: A 20-year study of vegetation change under different grazing regimes in Namaqualand. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 35(3-4): 277-287.   https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2018.1519640

  51. Joubert DF, Rust, A, Smith GN and Hoffman MT 2017. Growth rates and mortality patterns of Acacia mellifera, in the semi-arid Highland Savanna, Namibia: Encroachment is not as rapid as previously believed. Namibian Journal of Environment. 1, Section A: 1-5. http://nje.org.na/index.php/nje/article/view/volume1-joubert/12

  52. Scott SL, Rohde RF and Hoffman MT 2018. Repeat Landscape Photography, Historical Ecology and the Wonder of Digital Archives in Southern Africa. African Research and Documentation 131: 35-47.

  53. Tokura W, Jack SL, Anderson T and Hoffman MT 2018. Long-term variability in vegetation productivity in relation to rainfall, herbivory and fire in Tswalu Kalahari Reserve. Koedoe: African Protected Area Conservation and Science 60(1) a1473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v60i1.1473.

  54. Cardoso AW, Midgley JJ, Hoffman MT and Geldenhuys CJ 2017. Temperate forest dynamics and carbon storage: a 26-year case study from Orange Kloof Forest, Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Southern Forests: A Journal of Forest Science 79:1-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2016.1254904.

  55. Cronin K, Kaplan H, Gaertner M, Irlich U and Hoffman MT 2017. Aliens in the nursery: Assessing the attitudes of nursery managers to invasive species regulations.  Biological Invasions 19(3): 925–937.

  56. Davis C, Hoffman MT and Roberts W 2017. Long-term trends in vegetation phenology over Namaqualand using GIMMS AVHRR NDVI3g dataset from 1982-2011. South African Journal of Botany 111: 76-85.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.03.007.

  57. Van Wilgen BW, Caruthers J, Cowling RM, Esler KJ, Forsyth AT, Gaertner M, Hoffman MT, Kruger FJ, Midgley GF, Palmer G, Pence G, Raimondo DC, Richardson DM, van Wilgen J and Wilson JRU 2016.  Ecological research and conservation management in the Cape Floristic Region between 1945 and 2015: History, current understanding and future challenges.  South African Journal of Science 71:3, 207-303. DOI: 10.1080/0035919X.2016.1225607.

  58. White JDM, Jack SL, Hoffman MT, Puttick J, Bonora D, Visser V and February EC 2016. Collapse of an iconic conifer: long-term changes in the demography of Widdringtonia cedarbergensis using repeat photography. BMC Ecology 16: 53. DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0108-6.

  59. Okubamichael DY, Jack S, De Wet Bösenberg J, Hoffman MT and Donaldson JS 2016. Repeat photography confirms alarming decline in South African cycads. Biodivers Conserv 25: 2153. DOI:10.1007/s10531-016-1183-x.

  60. Jack SL, Hoffman MT, Rohde RF and Durbach I 2016. Climate change sentinel or false prophet? The case of Aloe dichotoma.  Diversity Distrib.. DOI:10.1111/ddi.12438. 

  61. Davis CL, Hoffman MT and Roberts W 2016.  Recent trends in the climate of Namaqualand, a megadiverse arid region of South Africa.  South African Journal of Science  112(3/4): 89-97. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20150217. 

  62. Cramer MD and Hoffman MT 2015.  The consequences of precipitation seasonality for Mediterranean-ecosystem vegetation of South Africa.  PLoS ONE 10(12): e0144512. DOI: 10.1371/journal. Pone.0144512.

  63. Masubelele M, Hoffman MT and Bond WJ 2015. Biome stability and long-term vegetation change in the semi-arid, south-eastern interior of South Africa: a synthesis of repeat photo-monitoring studies.  South African Journal of Botany 101: 139-147.

  64. Poulsen Z and Hoffman MT 2015.  Changes in the distribution of indigenous forest in Table Mountain National Park during the 20th Century. South African Journal of Botany 101: 49-56.

  65. Green L, Gammon DW, Hoffman MT, Cohen J, Hilgart A, Morrell RG, Verran H and Wheat N 2015.  Plants, people and health: Three disciplines at work in Namaqualand. South African Journal of  Science 2015;111(9/10), Art. #2014-0276, 12 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2015/20140276

  66. Masubelele ML, Hoffman MT and Bond WJ 2015.  A repeat photograph analysis of long-term vegetation change in semi-arid South Africa in response to land use and climate. Journal of Vegetation Science 26(5): 1013-1023. 

  67. Reimers B, Griffiths CL and Hoffman MT 2014.  Repeat photography as a tool for detecting and monitoring historical changes in South African coastal habitats. African Journal of Marine Science 36(3): 387 - 398.

  68. McAuliffe, J, Hoffman MT, McFadden L and King M 2014.  Role of aeolian sediment accretion in the formation of heuweltjies earth mounds, western South Africa. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39(14): 1900 - 1912. DOI: 10.1002/esp.3583.

  69. Hoffman MT 2014.  Changing patterns of rural land use and land cover in South Africa and their implications for land reform. Journal of Southern African Studies 40(4): 705-725. DOI: 10.1080/03057070.2014.943525 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2014.943525

  70. O'Connor TG, Puttick JR and Hoffman MT 2014.  Bush encroachment in southern Africa: changes and causes. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 31(2): 67-88.

  71. Ward D, Hoffman MT, Collocott SJ 2014.  The influence of local and global drivers on a century of woody plant encroachment in the dry Kimberley savanna of South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 31(2): 107-121.

  72. Puttick JR, Hoffman MT and Gambiza J 2014. The impact of South Africa's land reform programme on woody plant cover and rangeland condition within Grahamstown's Municipal Commonage. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 31(2): 123-133.

  73. Puttick JR, Hoffman MT and Gambiza J 2014. The influence of South Africa's post-apartheid land reform policies on bush encroachment and range condition: A case study of Fort Beaufort's Municipal Commonage. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 31(2): 133-145.

  74. Joubert DF, Zimmerman I, Fendler J, Winschiers-Theophilus H, Graz FP, Smit GN and Hoffman MT 2014. The development of an expert system for arid rangeland management in central Namibia with emphasis on bush thickening. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 31(2): 161-172.

  75. Shiponeni N, Carrick P, Allsopp N and Hoffman MT 2014. Effects of root competition and soils on seedling establishment at the ecotone between an arid grassland and succulent shrubland in South Africa. Journal of Vegetation Science 25: 402-410.

  76. Philippon N, Martiny N, Camerlin, Hoffman MT and Gond V 2014. Timing and patterns of ENSO impacts in Africa over the last 30 years: insights form Normalized Different Vegetation Index data. Journal of Climate 27: 2509-2532.

  77. Jack SL, Hoffman MT, Rohde RF, Durbach I and Archibald M 2014. Blow me down! A new perspective on Aloe dichotoma mortality as a result of windthrow. BMC Ecology 14:7 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785/14/7.

  78. Jerardino A, Wiltshire N, Webley L, Tusenius M, Halkett D, Hoffman MT and Maggs T 2014. Site distribution and chronology at Soutpansklipheuwel, a rocky outcrop on the West Coast of South Africa. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology 9(1): 88-110.

  79. Masubulele ML, Hoffman MT, Bond WJ and Gambiza J 2014. A 50 year study shows grass cover has increased in shrublands of semi-arid South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 104: 43-51.

  80. Masubulele ML, Hoffman MT, Bond WJ and Burdett P 2013. Vegetation change (1988-2010) in the Camdeboo National Park, South Africa using fixed-point photo monitoring: The role of herbivory and climate. Koedoe - African Protected Area Conservation and Science 55(1), Art. #1127, 16 pages. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe. v55i1.1127

  81. Samuels I, Allsopp N and Hoffman MT 2013. How could herd mobility be used to manage resources and livestock grazing in semi-arid rangeland commons? African Journal of Range and Forage Science 30(1&2): 85-89.

  82. Joubert DF, Smit GN, Hoffman MT 2013. The influence of rainfall, competition and predation on seed production, germination and establishment of an encroaching Acacia in an arid Namibian savanna. Journal of Arid Environments 91: 7-13.

  83. Peters DPC, Belnap J, Ludwig JA, Collins SL, Paruelo J, Hoffman MT and Havstad KM 2012. How can science by general, yet specific? The conundrum of rangeland science in the 21st century. Rangeland Ecology and Management 65: 613-622. (doi: 10.2111/REM-D-11-00178.1)

  84. Kunz NS, Hoffman MT and Weber B 2012. Effects of heuweltjies and utilization on vegetation patterns in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 87: 198-205.

  85. Joubert DF, Smit N and Hoffman MT 2012. The role of fire in preventing transitions from a grass dominated to a bush thickened state in arid savannas. Journal of Arid Environments 87: 1-7.

  86. Rohde RF & Hoffman MT 2012. Historical ecology of Namibian rangelands: Vegetation change since 1876 in response to local and global drivers. Science of the Total Environment 416: 276-288.

  87. Hoffman MT, Cramer M, Gillson L and Wallace M. 2011. Pan evaporation and climate change trends in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa (1974-2005). Climatic Change 109: 437-452. [See also Erratum in Climatic Change 2011 109: 453-454].

  88. Anderson PML and Hoffman MT 2011. Grazing response in the vegetation communities of the Kamiesberg, South Africa: adopting a plant functional type approach. Journal of Arid Environments 75(3): 255-264.

  89. Shiponeni N, Allsopp N, Carrick PJ and Hoffman MT 2011. Competitive interactions between grass and succulent shrubs at the ecotone between an arid grassland and succulent shrubland in the Karoo. Plant Ecology 212(5): 795-808.

  90. Puttick JR, Hoffman MT and Gambiza J 2011. Historical and recent land-use impacts on the vegetation of Bathurst, a municipal commonage, Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 28(1): 9-20.

  91. Hoffman MT and Rohde RF 2011. Rivers through time: Historical changes in the riparian vegetation of the semi-arid, winter rainfall region of South Africa in response to climate and land use. Journal of the History of Biology 44(1): 59-80. (DOI 10.1007/s10739-010-9246-4).

  92. Hoffman MT, Madden CF, Erasmus K, Saayman N, Botha JC and Kruger R 2010. Measuring the impact of indigenous herbivores: reply to Kerley and Landman. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 27(3): 181-183.

  93. Richardson D, Hoffman MT, Gillson L 2010. Modelling the complex dynamics of vegetation, livestock and rainfall in a semi-arid rangeland in South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 27(3): 125-142. (Awarded Best Paper published in the AJR&FS in 2010).

  94. Anderson PML, Hoffman MT and O'Farrell PJ 2010. Above ground perennial plant biomass across an altitudinal and land-use gradient in Namaqualand, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 76: 471-481.

  95. Compton JS, Herbert CT, Hoffman MT, Schneider RR and Stuut J-B 2010. A tenfold increase in the Orange River mean Holocene mud flux: implications for soil erosion in South Africa. The Holocene 20(1):115-122.

  96. Malgas RR, Potts A, Oettle N, Koelle B, Todd S, Verboom A and Hoffman MT 2010. Distribution, quantitative morphological variation and preliminary molecular analysis of different growth forms of wild rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) in the northern Cederberg and on the Bokkeveld Plateau. South African Journal of Botany 79: 72-81.

  97. O'Farrell PJ, Donaldson JS and Hoffman MT 2010. Vegetation transformation, functional compensation, and soil health in a semi-arid environment. Arid Land Research and Management 24(1): 12-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1532498090343926

  98. Wigley BJ, Bond WJ and Hoffman MT 2010. Thicket expansion in a South African savanna under divergent land use: local vs. global drivers? Global Change Biology 16(3): 964-976.

  99. Hoffman MT, Carrick PJ, Gillson L and West AG 2009. Drought, climate change and vegetation response in the succulent karoo, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 105: 54-61.

  100. Hoffman MT, Madden CF, Erasmus K, Saayman N and Botha JC 2009. The impact of indigenous ungulate herbivory over five years (2004-2008) on the vegetation of the Little Karoo, South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 26(3): 169-179.

  101. Hongslo E, Rohde R and Hoffman T 2009. Landscape change and ecological processes in relation to land-use in Namaqualand, South Africa, 1939-2005. South African Geographical Journal 91(2): 63-74.

  102. O'Farrell PJ, Donaldson JS and Hoffman MT 2009. Local benefits of retaining natural vegetation for soil retention and hydrological services. South African Journal of Botany 75: 573-583.

  103. Thompson M, Vlok J, Rouget M, Hoffman MT, Balmford A and Cowling RM 2009. Mapping grazing-induced degradation in a semi-arid environment: a rapid and cost effective approach for assessment and monitoring. Environmental Management 43(4): 585-596.

  104. Todd SW and Hoffman MT 2009. A fence-line in time demonstrates grazing-induced vegetation shifts and dynamics in the semi-arid Succulent Karoo. Ecological Applications 19: 1897-1908.

  105. Wigley BJ, Bond WJ, and Hoffman MT 2009. Bush encroachment under three contrasting land-use practices in a mesic South African savanna. African Journal of Ecology 47: 62-70.

  106. Hoffman MT and Vogel C 2008. Climate change impacts on African rangelands. Rangelands 30(3), 12-17. [ISSN: 0190-0528].

  107. O'Farrell PJ, Donaldson JS, Hoffman MT and Mader AD 2008. Small mammal diversity and density on the Bokkeveld escarpment, South Africa - implications for conservation and livestock predation. African Journal of Zoology 43: 117-124.

  108. Rahlao SJ, Hoffman MT, Todd SW and McGrath K 2008. Long-term vegetation change in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa following 67 years of rest from grazing. Journal of Arid Environments 72(5): 808-819.

  109. Rohde RF and Hoffman MT 2008. One hundred years of separation: The historical ecology of a South African 'Coloured Reserve'. Africa 78(2): 189-222.

  110. Samuels MI, Allsopp N and Hoffman MT 2008. Mobility patterns of livestock keepers in semi-arid communal rangelands of Namaqualand, South Africa. Nomadic Peoples 12(1): 123-148. [doi:10.3167/np.2008.120108] [ISSN 0822-7942]. [See http://ww.isinet.com/journals]

  111. James I, Munro A, Hoffman T, O'Farrell PJ and Smart R 2007. The economic value of flower tourism at the Namaqua National Park, South Africa. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 10(4): 442-456.

  112. Foden W, Midgley GF, Hughes G, Bond WJ, Thuiller W, Hoffman MT, Kaleme P, Underhill L, Rebelo A and Hannah L 2007. A changing climate is eroding the geographic range of the Namib Desert tree Aloe through population declines and dispersal lags. Diversity and Distributions 13: 645-653.

  113. Gillson L and Hoffman MT 2007. Grazing and "degradation" - Response. Science 316(5831): 1565-1567. 15 June 2007.

  114. Allsopp N, Gaika L, Knight R, Monakisi C and Hoffman MT 2007. The impact of heavy grazing on an ephemeral river system in the succulent karoo, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 71: 82-96.

  115. O'Farrell PJ, Donaldson JS and Hoffman MT 2007. The influence of ecosystem goods and services on livestock management practices on the Bokkeveld plateau, South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 122: 312-324.

  116. Anderson PML and Hoffman MT 2007. The impacts of sustained heavy grazing on plant diversity and composition in lowland and upland habitats across the Kamiesberg mountain range in the Succulent Karoo. Journal of Arid Environments 70: 686-700.

  117. Cousins B, Hoffman MT, Allsopp N and Rohde RF 2007. A synthesis of social and biological perspectives on sustainable land use in Namaqualand. Journal of Arid Environments 70: 834-846.

  118. Gillson L and Hoffman MT 2007. Rangeland ecology in a changing world. Science 315(5808): 53-54. 5 January 2007.

  119. Hoffman MT and Rohde RF 2007. From pastoralism to tourism: The historical impact of changing land use practices in Namaqualand. Journal of Arid Environments 70: 641-658.

  120. Hoffman MT, Allsopp N and Rohde RF 2007. Sustainable land use in Namaqualand, South Africa: Key issues in an interdisciplinary debate. Journal of Arid Environments 70: 561-569.

  121. Picker MD, Hoffman MT and Leverton B 2007. The density of Microhodotermes viator (Hodotermitidae) mounds in Southern Africa in relation to rainfall and productivity gradients. Journal of Zoology 271: 37-44.

  122. Richardson FD, Hahn BD and Hoffman M.T. 2007. Modelling the productivity and sustainability of pastoral systems in the communal areas of Namaqualand. Journal of Arid Environments 70: 701-717.

  123. Baker LE and Hoffman MT. 2006. Managing variability: Herding strategies in communal rangelands of semi-arid Namaqualand, South Africa. Human Ecology 34(6): 765-784.

  124. Duncan JA, Hoffman T, Rohde RF, Powell E and Hendriks HH. 2006. Long-term population changes in the Giant Quiver Tree, Aloe pillansii in the Richtersveld, South Africa. Plant Ecology 185: 73-84.

  125. Rohde RF, Moleele NM, Mphale M, Allsopp N, Chanda R, Hoffman MT, Magole L and Young E. 2006. Dynamics of grazing policy and practice: environmental and social impacts in three communal areas of Southern Africa. Environmental Science & Policy 9: 302-316.

  126. Fox, S.J., Hoffman, M.T. and Hoare, D. 2005. The phenological pattern of vegetation in Namaqualand, South Africa and its climate correlates using NOAA-AVHRR data. South African Geographical Journal 87(2): 85-94.

  127. Richardson, F.D., Hahn, B.D. and Hoffman, M.T. 2005. On the dynamics of grazing systems in the semi-arid succulent Karoo: the relevance of equilibrium and non-equilibrium concepts to the sustainability of semi-arid pastoral systems. Ecological Modelling 187(4): 491-512.

  128. Hahn, B.D., Richardson, F.D., Hoffman, M.T., Roberts, R., Todd, S.W. and Carrick, P.J. 2005. A simulation model of long-term climate, livestock and vegetation interactions on communal rangelands in the semi-arid Succulent Karoo, Namaqualand, South Africa. Ecological Modelling 183: 211-230.

  129. Bolus, C., Hoffman, M.T., Todd, S.W., Powell, E., Hendricks, H. & Clark, B. 2004. The distribution and population structure of Aloe pillansii in South Africa in relation to climate and elevation. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 59(2): 133-140.

  130. Petersen, A., Young, E.M., Hoffman, M.T., Wyn Jones, G.E. and Musil, C.F. 2004. The impact of livestock grazing on landscape biophysical attributes in privately and communally managed rangelands in Namaqualand. South African Journal of Botany 70(5): 777-783.

  131. Anderson, P, Hoffman, T, and Holmes, P. 2004. The potential of Cephalophyllum inaequale for the restoration of degraded arid landscapes in Namaqualand, South Africa. Restoration Ecology 12(3): 343-351.

  132. Riginos C., Hoffman M.T. 2003. Changes in population biology of two succulent shrubs along a grazing gradient. Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 615-625.

  133. Meadows M.E. & Hoffman TM 2003. Land degradation and climate change in South Africa. Geographical Journal 169(2): 168-177.

  134. Hoffman M.T. and Cowling R.M. 2003. 'Enough to be considered useful': John Acocks' contribution to South African botany. South African Journal of Botany 69(1): 1-6.

  135. Hoffman M.T. 2003. 'Nature's method of grazing': Non-Selective Grazing (NSG) as a means of veld reclamation in South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 69(1): 92-98.

  136. Hoffman, M.T. and Meadows, M.E. 2003. Measurement and perceptions of desertification in South Africa. Annals of Arid Zone 42(3&4): 333-345.

  137. Meadows M E and Hoffman M T 2002. The nature, extent and causes of land degradation in South Africa: legacy of the past, lessons for the future? Area 34(4), 428-437.

  138. Todd S W & Hoffman M T. 2000. Correlates of stocking rate and overgrazing in the Leliefontein Communal Reserve, central Namaqualand. African Journal of Range and Forage Science. 17(1-3), 36-45.

  139. Hoffman M T & Todd S W 2000. A national review of land degradation in South Africa: the influence of biophysical and socio-economic factors. Journal of Southern African Studies. 26(4): 743-758.

  140. Todd S W & Hoffman M T 1999. A fence-line contrast reveals effects of heavy grazing on plant species diversity and community composition in Namaqualand, South Africa. Plant Ecology 142(1-2): 169-178.

  141. Hoffman M T & O'Connor T G 1999. Vegetation change over 40 years in the Weenen/Muden area, KwaZulu-Natal: evidence from photo-panoramas. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 16 (2&3): 71-88.

  142. Milton SJ, Dean WRJ, Kerley GIH, Hoffman MT and Whitford WG 1998. Dispersal of seeds as nest material by cactus wren. Southwestern Naturalist 43(4): 449-452.

  143. James C D & Hoffman M T 1996. Windows of fruit production in yuccas: A response to Pellmyr. Oikos 75: 125-128.

  144. Dean W R S, Hoffman M T, Meadows M E & Milton S J 1995. Desertification in the semi-arid Karoo, South Africa: Review and reassessment. Journal of Arid Environments 30, 247-264. (Also appeared under the following title and authorship: Meadows M E, Milton S J, Dean W R J & Hoffman M T 1994. Desertifikation im Bereich der Semiariden Karroo, SüdAfrika. Eine Zusammenschau und Neubewertung. Geoödynamik Band XV, 219-242).

  145. Hoffman M T 1995. Environmental history and desertification of the Karoo, South Africa. Gionale Botanico Italiano (Italian Journal of Botany) 129(1): 261-273.

  146. Hoffman M T, Bond W J & Stock W D 1995. Desertification of the eastern Karoo, South Africa: conflicting palaeoecological, historical and soil isotopic evidence. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37, 159-177.

  147. Rutherford M C, O'Callaghan M, Hurford J L, Powrie L W, Schulze R E, Kunz R P, Davis G W, Hoffman M T & Mack F 1995. Realized niche spaces and functional types: a framework for prediction of compositional change. Journal of Biogeograhy 22, 523-531.

  148. Milton S J and Hoffman M T 1994. The application of state-and-transition models to rangeland research and management in arid succulent and semi-arid grassy Karoo, South Africa. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 11(1), 18-26.

  149. James C D, Hoffman M T, Lightfoot D C, Forbes G S and Whitford W G 1994. Fruit abortion in Yucca elata and its implication for the mutualistic association with Yucca moths. Oikos 69, 207-216.

  150. Davis G W, Midgley G F and Hoffman M T 1994. Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: a challenge to fynbos ecology. South African Journal of Science 90: 319-321.

  151. Hoffman M T, Midgley G F and Cowling R M 1994. Plant richness is negatively related to energy availability in semi-arid southern Africa. Biodiversity Letters 2, 35-38.

  152. Bond WJ, Stock W and Hoffman MT 1994. Has the Karoo spread?: A test for desertification using stable carbon isotopes. South African Journal of Science 90, 391-397.

  153. Hoffman M T 1993. Major P.J. Pretorius and the decimation of the Addo elephant herd in 1919-1920: Important reassessments. Koedoe 36(2), 23-44.

  154. James C D, Hoffman M T, Lightfoot D C, Forbes G S and Whitford W G 1993. Pollination ecology of Yucca elata: An experimental study of a mutualistic association. Oecologia 93, 512-517.

  155. Hoffman M T, James C D, Kerley G I H and Whitford W G 1993. Rabbit herbivory and its effect on cladode, flower and fruit production of Opuntia violacea var macrocentra (Cactaceae) in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist 38(4), 309-315.

  156. Boecklen W J and Hoffman M T 1993. Sex-biased herbivory in Ephedra trifurca: the importance of sex-by-environment interactions. Oecologia 96, 49-55.

  157. Hoffman M T 1992. Functional dioecy in Echinocereus coccineus (Cactaceae): Breeding system, sex ratios and geographic range of floral dimorphism. American Journal of Botany 79(12), 1382-1388. (Plus publication of colour photographs of male and female E. coccineus flowers on front cover of issue advertising dioecy article).

  158. Hoffman M T and Cowling R M 1991. Phytochorology and endemism along aridity and grazing gradients in the lower Sundays River Valley: Implications for vegetation history. Journal of Biogeography 18, 189-201.

  159. Hoffman M T and Cowling R M 1990. Desertification in the lower Sundays River Valley, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 19, 105-117.

  160. Hoffman M T and Cowling R M 1990. Vegetation change in the semi-arid, eastern Karoo over the last two hundred years: An expanding Karoo - fact or fiction? South African Journal of Science 86, 286-294.

  161. Hoffman M T, Barr G D and Cowling R M 1990. Vegetation dynamics in the semi-arid, eastern Karoo, South Africa: The effect of seasonal rainfall and competition on grass and shrub basal cover. South African Journal of Science 86, 462-463.

  162. Palmer A R, Hobson C G and Hoffman M T 1990. Vegetation change in a semi-arid succulent dwarf shrubland in the eastern Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 86, 392-395.

  163. Boonzaier E A, Hoffman M T, Archer F M and Smith A B 1990. Communal land use and the `Tragedy of the Commons': Some problems and development perspectives with specific reference to semi-arid regions of southern Africa. Journal of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 7, 77-80.

  164. Hoffman M T 1989. A preliminary investigation of the phenology of subtropical thicket and karroid shrubland in the lower Sundays River Valley, S.E. Cape. South African Journal of Botany 55(6), 586-597.

  165. Hoffman M T, Cowling R M, Douie C and Pierce S M 1989. Seed predation and germination of Acacia erioloba in the Kuiseb River Valley, Namib Desert. South AfricanJournal of Botany 55(1), 103-106.

  166. Archer F M, Danckwerts J E and Hoffman M T 1989. How economic are the farming units of Leliefontein, Namaqualand? Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 6(4), 211-215.

  167. Hoffman M T 1988. The pollination ecology of Aloe ferox Mill. South African Journal of Botany 54(4), 345-350. [Reproduced in Haworthiad 4(2), 7-13: 1990].

  168. Hoffman M T 1988. Rationale for karoo grazing systems: criticisms and research implications. South African Journal of Science 84, 556-559.

  169. Hoffman M T, Moll E J and Boucher C 1987. Postfire succession at Pella, a South-African lowland fynbos. South African Journal of Botany 53(5), 370-374.

  170. Hoffman M T and Mitchell D T 1986. The root morphology of some legume spp. in the south western Cape and the relationship of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas with dry mass and phosphorus content of Acacia saligna seedlings. South African Journal of Botany 52(4), 316-320.

 

(ii) Books and book chapters

  1. Hoffman MT and Rohde RF 2022. The use of repeat photography in African historical ecology. In: Decocq G (Ed.). Historical ecology: Learning from the past to understand the present and forecast the future of ecosystems. ISTE Science Publishing Ltd, London. ISBN: 9781789450903. Pp. 57-70.

  2. Rohde RF, Hoffman MT and Sullivan S 2021. Environmental change in Namibia: Land-use impacts and climate change as revealed by repeat photography. In: S. Böhm and Sian Sullivan (eds.), Negotiating climate change in crisis. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge, UK. pp. 173-188. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0265.

  3. Wilson JR, Foxcroft LC, Geerts S, Hoffman MT, MacFadyen S, Measey J, Mills A, Richardson DM, Robertson MP and van Wilgen BW 2020. The role of environmental factors in promoting and limiting biological invasions in South Africa. In: B.W. van Wilgen et al. (eds.), Biological Invasions in South Africa. Invading Nature – Springer Series in Invasion Ecology 14. ISBN 978-3-030-32394-3 (eBook)  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3

  4. Hoffman MT 2018. Land use, land cover and vegetation change in southern Africa. In: (Eds) Holmes PJ and Boardman J. Southern African landscapes and environmental change. Routledge, Oxon & New York. Pp. 91-111. ISBN 978 1 138 68895 7 (hbk).

  5. Todd SW, Hoffman MT, Henschel JR, Cardoso AW, Brooks M and Underhill LG 2016. The potential impacts of fracking on biodiversity of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. In: (Eds) Glazewski J and Esterhuyse S. Hydraulic Fracturing in the Karoo: Critical Legal and Environmental Perspectives. Juta and Company (PTY) LTD. ISBN: 978-1-48-511818-3.

  6. Hoffman MT 2015. Environmental change in tewntieth-century South Africa and its implications for land reform.  In: (Eds) Cousins B & Walker C. Land divided, land restored: Land reform in South Africa for the 21st Century. Jacana, Cape Town. ISBN: 978-1-4314-0967-9

  7. Rouget M, Barnett M, Cowling RM, Cumming T, Daniels F, Hoffman MT, Knight A, Manuel J, Parker A, Raimondo D and Rebelo T 2014. Conserving the Cape Floristic Region.  In: (Eds) Allsopp A, Colville JF and Verboom GA.  Fynbos: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of a Megadiverse Region. Oxford University Press.  Pp. 321-336.

  8. Hoffman MT and Todd SW 2013. Impact of environmental change on ecosystem services and human well-being in Africa. In: Adegoke J and Wright CY (eds) Climate vulnerability: Understanding and addressing threats to essential resources. Elsevier Inc., Academic Press, San Diego. Pp. 49-67. ISBN: 9780123847034.

  9. Boardman J, Hoffman MT, Holmes PJ and Wiggs GFS 2012. Soil erosion and land degradation. In: Holmes PJ and Meadows ME (Eds.) Southern African geomorphology: Recent trends and new directions. Sunmedia, Bloemfontein. Pp. 305-328. ISBN: 978-1-920382-02-5.

  10. Hoffman MT 2011. Introduction to rangelands. In: Zietsman L (Ed.): Observations on environmental change in South Africa. Sunmedia, Stellenbosch. Pp. 71-73. ISBN 978-1-920338-24-4.

  11. Hoffman MT and Rohde R 2011. Long-term changes in the vegetation of southern Africa as revealed by repeat photography. In: Zietsman L (Ed.): Observations on environmental change in South Africa. Sunmedia, Stellenbosch. Pp. 79-83. ISBN 978-1-920338-24-4.

  12. Richardson FR and Hoffman MT 2011. Using models to predict the probability of degradation of rangelands when subjected to different management strategies. In: Zietsman L (Ed.): Observations on environmental change in South Africa. Sunmedia, Stellenbosch. Pp. 109-115. ISBN 978-1-920338-24-4.

  13. Jürgens, N. Schmiedel U and Hoffman MT (Eds.) 2010. Biodiversity in Southern Africa. Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. 1375 pp. ISBN: 978-3-933117-44-1.

  14. Hoffman MT, Schmiedel U, and Jürgens, N (Eds.) 2010. Biodiversity in Southern Africa - Volume III: Implications for Landuse and Management. In: Jürgens, N. Schmiedel U & Hoffman MT (Eds). Biodiversity in Southern Africa. Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. 226 pp. ISBN: 978-3-933117-47-2.

  15. Rohde RF & Hoffman MT 2010. Landscape and vegetation change in Namibia since 1876 based on the photographs of the Palgrave Commission. In: Schmiedel U & Jürgens N (Eds). Biodiversity in Southern Africa - Volume II: Patterns and Processes at Regional Scale. Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. Pp. 6-14. ISBN: 978-3-933117-46-5.

  16. Hoffman MT & Rohde RF 2010. An analysis of 20th century vegetation change in Namaqualand using repeat photography. In: Schmiedel U & Jürgens N (Eds). Biodiversity in Southern Africa - Volume II: Patterns and Processes at Regional Scale. Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. Pp. 15-21. ISBN: 978-3-933117-46-5.

  17. Schmiedel U, Linke T, Christiaan R, Falk T, Gröngröft A, Haarmeyer DH, Hanke W, Henstock R, Hoffman MT, Kunz N, Labitzky T, Luther-Mosebach J, Lutsch N, Meyer S, Petersen A, Röwer IU, van der Merwe H, van Rooyen MW, Vollan B, Weber B. 2010. Environmental and socio-economic patterns and processes in the Succulent Karoo - frame conditions for the management of this biodiversity hotspot. In: Hoffman MT, Schmiedel U & Jürgens N (Eds). Biodiversity in Southern Africa - Volume 3: Implications for Landuse and Management. Pp. 110-150. Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. ISBN: 978-3-933117-47-2.

  18. Hoffman MT and Todd SW 2010. Using fixed-point photography, field surveys and GIS to monitor environmental change in Riemvasmaak, South Africa. In: Webb RH, Boyer DE and Turner RM (Eds): Repeat photography-Methods and applications in the natural sciences. Island Press, Washington DC. Pp. 46-56. ISBN 978-1-59726-713-7.

  19. Hoffman MT, Rohde RF, Duncan J and Kaleme P 2010. Repeat photography, climate change and the long-term population dynamics of tree Aloes in southern Africa. In: Webb RH, Boyer DE and Turner RM (Eds): Repeat photography-Methods and applications in the natural sciences. Island Press, Washington DC. Pp. 133-142. ISBN 978-1-59726-713-7.

  20. O'Farrell, P.J., le Maitre, D.C., Gelderblom, C., Bonora, D., Hoffman, M.T. and Reyers, B. 2008. Applying a resilience framework in the pursuit of sustainable land-use development in the Little Karoo, South Africa. In: Burns M. and Weaver A. (eds). Exploring sustainability Science: A southern African perspective. African Sun Media, Stellenbosch. Pp. 383-432. ISBN 978-1-920109-51-6.

  21. Gibson, D., Paterson, G., Newby, T., Laker, M. & Hoffman, T. 2006. Chapter 4: Land. In: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. South African Environment Outlook. A report on the state of the environment. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. Pp. 87-105. ISBN 0-621-36422-3.

  22. Hoffman, M.T. and Ashwell, A. 2001. Nature divided: Land degradation in South Africa. UCT Press, Cape Town. Pp. 1-168. ISBN: 1-919713-54-9.

  23. Rohde, R. F., Hoffman M. T. & Cousins B. 1999. Experimenting with the commons - a comparative history of the effects of land policy on pastoralism in two former 'homelands'/'reserves', Southern Africa. In: McCarthy N., Swallow B., Kirk M. & Hazell P. (eds). Property rights, risk and livestock development. Washington, D. C.: International Livestock Research Institute.

  24. Hoffman, M.T., Cousins, B., Meyer, T., Petersen, A. & Hendricks, H. 1999. Historical and contemporary agricultural land use and the desertification of the Karoo landscape. In: Dean, W.R.J. & Milton, S.J. (eds), The Karoo: Ecological Patterns and Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 257-273. ISBN 0 521 55450 0

  25. Hoffman, M.T. 1999. Agricultural and ecological perspectives of vegetation dynamics and desertification. In: Arnalds, O. & Archer, S. (eds.). Rangeland desertification. Kluwer, Dordrecht. Pp. 115-130.

  26. Hoffman, M.T. 1997. Human impacts on vegetation. In: Cowling, R. M., Richardson, D. M. and Pierce, S. M. (eds). Vegetation of southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 507-534.

  27. Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M., Schulze, R.E., Hoffman, M.T., Midgley, J.J. & Hilton-Taylor, C. 1997. Species diversity at the regional scale. In: Cowling, R. M., Richardson, D. M. and Pierce, S. M. (eds). Vegetation of southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 447-473.

  28. Palmer, A.R. & Hoffman, M.T. 1997. Nama-Karoo. In: Cowling, R. M., Richardson, D. M. and Pierce, S. M. (eds). Vegetation of southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 167-188.

  29. May, H., Hoffman, M.T. & Marinus, T. 1996. The case for the communally-managed reserves in semi-arid Namaqualand, South Africa. In: Odada, E., Totolo, O., Stafford Smith, M. & Ingram, J. (eds). Global change and subsistence rangelands in southern Africa: The impacts of climatic variability and resource access on rural livelihoods. GCTE Working Document No. 20: 51-56.

  30. Hoffman M T 1996. Nama Karoo and Succulent Karoo. In: (eds) Low A B and Rebelo A. Vegetation map of SA. South African Association of Botanists and Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.

  31. Hoffman M T, Bond W J & Stock W D 1995. Desertification of the eastern Karoo, South Africa: conflicting palaeoecological, historical and soil isotopic evidence. In: (eds). D A Mouat & C F Hutchinson. Desertification in Developed Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. pp. 159-177. (Same manuscript as journal article).

  32. Bullock P, Le Houérou H, Hoffman M T, Rounsevell M, Sehgal J & Varallyay G 1995. Chapter 4: Land degradation and desertification. In: (eds) Watson R T, Zinyowera M C & Moss R H. Climate Change 1995. Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 171-189.

  33. Noble I, Gitay H, Hoffman M T & others 1995. Chapter 3: Deserts in a changing climate: impacts. In: (eds) Watson R T, Zinyowera M C & Moss R H. Climate Change 1995. Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 159-170.

  34. Cowling R M, Gibbs Russell G E, Hoffman M T and Hilton-Taylor C 1989. Patterns of plant species diversity in southern Africa. In: (Ed) B J Huntley. Biotic diversity in southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town. pp. 19-50.

  35. Hoffman M T and Cowling R M 1987. The physiognomy, phenology and demography of Karoo plants. In: (eds) R M Cowling and P W Roux Karoo ecology: a preliminary synthesis. Part II. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 142, 1-34. CSIR Pretoria.

 

(iii) Conference proceedings

  1. Schreiner, G.O., Pienaar, E., van Eeden, J.D., Hoffman M.T. and Carrick P.J. 2008. An ecological evaluation of rehabilitation interventions on phosphate mined land in the West Coast Fossil Park from 1996-2008. In: Fourie, A.B., Tibbett, M., Weiersbye, I.M. and Dye, P.J. (eds). Mine Closure 2008. Proceedings of the Third International Seminar on Mine Closure held in Johannesburg, South Africa, 14-17 October 2008. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth. Pp. 799-807. ISBN 978-0-9804185-6-9.

  2. Hoffman, M.T. 2004. Co-operative research in Namaqualand, South Africa: Pressures, predictions and priorities. In: Sustainable use and conservation of biological diversity. A challenge for society. Symposium Report Part B. International Symposium, 1-4 December 2003, p. 133-137. Berlin, Germany.

  3. Richardson F.D., Hahn B.D. & Hoffman M.T. 2004. Understanding arid and semi-arid grazing systems: why both equilibrium and non-equilibrium concepts are inadequate. In: (ed) S. Vetter. Rangelands at equilibrium and non-equilibrium: Recent developments in the debate around rangeland ecology and management. Papers from the International Workshop on "Rangelands at equilibrium and non-equilibrium" held at the VIIth International Rangelands Congress in Durban, South Africa, 26th - 27th July 2003. Pp. 17-29. ISBN 1-86808-609-7.

  4. Hoffman M.T. 2003. Poverty as a cause of land degradation in South Africa. In: (eds) N. Allsopp, A.R. Palmer, S.J. Milton, K.P. Kirkman, G.I.H. Kerley, C.R. Hurt, C.J. Brown. Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress held in Durban, South Africa, 26th July - 1st August 2003. Pp. 445-451. ISBN 0-958-45348-9.

  5. Hoffman M.T., Dean W.R.J. & Allsopp N. 2003. Landuse effects on plant and insect diversity in Namaqualand. In: (eds) N. Allsopp, A.R. Palmer, S.J. Milton, K.P. Kirkman, G.I.H. Kerley, C.R. Hurt, C.J. Brown. Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress held in Durban, South Africa, 26th July - 1st August 2003. Pp. 166-176. ISBN 0-958-45348-9.

  6. Wyn Jones G., Chanda R., Hoffman M.T. Majoro M, Thomas R. & Young E. 2003. Reconciling ecological and human welfare objectives on semi-arid subsistence rangelands. In: (eds) N. Allsopp, A.R. Palmer, S.J. Milton, K.P. Kirkman, G.I.H. Kerley, C.R. Hurt, C.J. Brown. Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress held in Durban, South Africa, 26th July - 1st August 2003. Pp.1620-1627. ISBN 0-958-45348-9.

  7. Rohde RH, Benjaminsen TA & Hoffman MT 2002. Land reform in Namaqualand: Poverty alleviation, stepping stones and 'economic units'. In: (eds) Benjaminsen TA, Cousins B & Thompson L. Contested resources: challenges to the governance of natural resources in southern Africa. Proceedings of an international symposium on 'contested resources: challenges to Governance of Natural resources in Southern Africa: Emerging perspectives from Norwegian-Southern African collaborative Research held at the University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 18-20 October 2000. Programme for Land Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), School of Government, University of the Western Cape.

  8. Hoffman, M.T., Lindeque, L., Ntshona, Z.N. & Todd, S.W. 2000. Land degradation in commercial and communal areas of South Africa: Preliminary results from a rapid participatory appraisal. In: (Ed.) K Kellner. Proceedings of a National Workshop: Appropriate Restoration Technologies in South Africa, held in Potchefstroom, 23-26 March 1998. Pp. 15-31.

  9. Rohde, R., Hoffman, M.T., Cousins, B. 1999. Experimenting with the commons: A comparative history of the effects of land policy on pastoralism in two former 'reserves' in Namibia and South Africa. Paper delivered at International Symposium on Property Rights, Risk and Livestock Development held at Feldafing, Germany, 27 September to 1 October 1998.

  10. Witt, G.B., Moll, E.J., Beeton, R.J.S. & Hoffman, M.T. 1999. Vegetation change in the eastern karoo (South Africa) from 1916 to 1992 using carbon isotopes analysis of historical wool staples. In: (eds) Eldridge, D. & Freudenberger, D. People and rangelands: Building the future. Volume 1. Proceedings of the VI International Rangelands Congress, held in Townsville, Queensland, Australia July 19-23, 1999. Pp. 242-243.

  11. Palmer A.R., Ainslie, A.M. & Hoffman M.T. 1999. Sustainability of commercial and communal rangeland systems in southern Africa? In: (eds) Eldridge, D. & Freudenberger, D. People and rangelands: Building the future. Volume 2. Proceedings of the VI International Rangelands Congress, held in Townsville, Queensland, Australia July 19-23, 1999. Pp. 1020-1022.

  12. Todd, S. W., Seymour, C., Joubert, D. F. & Hoffman, M. T. 1998. Communal rangelands and biodiversity: Insights from Paulshoek, Namaqualand. Proceedings of conference "Policy-making for the sustainable use of southern African communal rangelands" held at the University of Fort Hare, 6-9 July 1998.

  13. Wyn Jones, R. G., Young, E. M., Hoffman, M. T., Magole, L., Petersen, A., Arntzen, J. & Majoro, M. 1998. Global change and subsistence rangelands in southern Africa: An outline of a European Union funded project. Proceedings of conference "Policy-making for the sustainable use of southern African communal rangelands" held at the University of Fort Hare, 6-9 July 1998.

  14. Hoffman M T 1996. The impact of the SADF on the Riemvasmaak environment between 1974-1994 and an outline of a monitoring programme for the region. Proceedings of conference Reclaiming the land: from defence to development, held in Johannesburg from 13-14 March 1996. Group for Environmental Monitoring (GEM), Johannesburg.

  15. Hoffman M T 1995. Desertification of the Karoo, South Africa: A review of the recent research and current status of the debate. Proceedings of the National Research and Development Workshop on the Assessment and Monitoring of Desertification in South Africa held at Premos Conference Centre, Pretoria between 10-12 October, 1995. pp. 21-36. Department of Agriculture: Directorate of Resource Conservation, Pretoria.

  16. Hoffman M T 1993. The potential value of historical ecology to environmental monitoring. In: (eds) C Marais & D M Richardson. Monitoring requirements for Fynbos management. FRD Programme Report Series No. 11. pp. 69-86. December 1993. ISBN 1-874916-16-0. (Proceedings of a conference organised by the Fynbos Ecology Forum on "Monitoring requirements for fynbos management," held on 16 & 17 March 1993, at the Drostdy Museum, Swellendam).

  17. Hoffman M T 1992. Proceedings of two workshops held under the auspices of the Arid Zone Ecology Forum on 27 and 28 November 1991, and directory of current research activity in the arid and semi-arid zone of southern Africa. CSIR, Pretoria.

 

(iv) Scientific reports, theses and databases

  1. Jack SL, Nicolson G and Durbach I 2016. Upper Olifants River survey: An assessment of woody riparian and alien vegetation. Plant Conservation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town. 14pp.

  2. Krug CB, Esler KJ, Hoffman MT, Henschel J, Schmiedel U and Jurgens N. 2006. North-South cooperation through BIOTA: an interdisciplinary monitoring programme in arid and semi-arid southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 102: 187-190.

  3. Swart, E. & Hoffman, M.T. 2006. The population status of Aloe pillansii L. Guthrie in southern Namibia. Unpublished report submitted to the South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. February 2006. 58 pp.

  4. Hoffman, M.T., Desmet, P. And Le Roux, A. 2006. Biological and social considerations for the inclusion of the 'Mostert Properties' into the Namaqua National Park corridor. Confidential draft report submitted to the Leslie Hill Succulent Karoo Trust. Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town. 29 June 2006. 20 pp.

  5. Hoffman MT, Todd SW and Duncan J 2005. Environmental change in Riemvasmaak 10 years after re-settlement. Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town and FARM-Africa. July 2005. 117 pp.

  6. James, I., Hoffman, M.T., Cowling, R.M., Roberts, R., Campbell, B.M., Boumans, R. and Allsopp, N. 2005. Valuing Namaqualand's natural resources: The costs and benefits of communal, commercial and conservation land use practices in Namaqualand incorporating ecological, economic and social values. Unpublished report submitted to Conservation International. Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town. May 2005. 106 pp.

  7. Rohde RH, Hoffman MT & Allsopp N 2003. Hanging on a wire: A historical and socio-economic study of Paulshoek village in the communal area of Leliefontein, Namaqualand. Research Report No. 17. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of the Western Cape. 70 pp. ISBN 1-86808-592-9.

  8. Rhode RH, Benjaminsen TA & Hoffman MT 2002. Land reform in Namaqualand: Poverty alleviation, stepping stones and 'economic units'. Occasional Paper Series No. 16. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of the Western Cape. 30 pp. ISBN 1-86808-506-6

  9. Rohde, R., Hoffman, M.T., Cousins, B. 1999. Experimenting with the commons: A comparative history of the effects of land policy on pastoralism in two former 'reserves' in Namibia and South Africa. Occasional Paper Series No. 12. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of the Western Cape. 32 pp. ISBN 1-86808-447-7.

  10. Hoffman, M.T., Lindeque, L., Mapuma, M., Nel, L. & Rayi, T. 1999. A rapid appraisal of the status of land degradation in the Eastern Cape. Unpublished report. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town

  11. Arendse, A., Dannhauser, P., Penny, R. & Hoffman, M.T. 1999. South African desertification directory. Unpublished database. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town. (Also available on: http://www.pcu.uct.ac.za/resources/landdeg/literature.htm OR http://opencontent.uct.ac.za/Science/Land-Degradation-in-South-Africa

  12. Lambey, S., Stewart, S.M., Majal, S. & Hoffman, M.T. 1999. Bibliography of South African desertification literature. Unpublished database. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town. (Also available on: http://www.pcu.uct.ac.za/resources/landdeg/literature.htm OR http://opencontent.uct.ac.za/Science/Land-Degradation-in-South-Africa

  13. Hoffman, M.T., Todd, S.W., Ntshona, Z.N. & Turner, S.D. 1999. Land degradation in South Africa. Unpublished Final report. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town. (Also available on: http://www.pcu.uct.ac.za/resources/landdeg/literature.htm OR http://opencontent.uct.ac.za/Science/Land-Degradation-in-South-Africa

  14. Hoffman, M.T., Petersen, A., Todd, S.W. & Rohde, R. 1998. Global change and subsistence rangeland in southern Africa: Paulshoek Namaqualand. Unpublished preliminary report and literature review. NBI, Cape Town.

  15. Dean WRJ, Hoffman MT and Willis CK 1996. The light and the way in South African desertification research. South African Journal of Science 92(4): 170-171.

  16. Dean WRJ, Hoffman MT, Kerley GIH et al. 1995. Desertification in developed countries - in search of the silver bullet. South African Journal of Science 91(5): 213-215.

  17. Hoffman M T 1995. Comments on "Conservation, reclamation and grazing in the northern Negev: contradictory or complementary concepts? by Avi Perevolotsky. Pastoral Development Network Paper 38b: 10-13. July 1995.

  18. Hoffman M T, Sonnenberg D, Hurford J & Jagger B W 1995. The ecology and management of Riemvasmaak's natural resources. Unpublished report, National Botanical Institute and FARM Africa. Cape Town, July 1995. 222 pp.

  19. Hoffman M T, Milton S J, Roux P W & Palmer A R 1994. Report to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on climate change and desertification in South Africa. (Unpublished Report, National Botanical Institute. Cape Town, May 1994).

  20. Campbell B, Clarke J, Luckert M, Matose F, Musvoto C and Scoones I (Compilers with contributions by: Barbossa F, Chigume S, Coote C, Dhlamini R, Hailwa J, Hoffman M T, Kundhlande G, Kozanayi W, Ligavha M, Mangono J, Maruzane D, Matiza A, Mbewe M, Makuku SJ, Mudhara M, Munnise P, Mutsago J, Nyamadzawo Z, Sithole M, Tsinakwadi A and Thamage D) 1994. Local-level economic valuation of savanna woodland resources: village cases from Zimbabwe. Unpublished report of the Hot Springs Working Group, (January 1994) based on the results of a two-week workshop held at Hot Springs, southern Zimbabwe from August 23-September 3, 1993.

  21. Hoffman M T 1993. Bibliography of southern African arid zone literature up to 1993. Unpublished data base of over 6 000 references of southern Africa's arid zones made available to research communty on diskette. 2nd edition, July 1997. 3rd edition, July 2001.

  22. Hoffman M T 1991. Report on the vegetation of the proposed Settler's Park National Botanic Garden. Unpublished report, National Botanical Institute, Kirstenbosch.

  23. Hoffman M T 1989. Vegetation studies and the impact of grazing in the semi-arid eastern Cape. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town. (June 1989). 283 pp.

  24. Hoffman M T and Urton N 1987. Vegetation. In: (compilers) P Martin and D Baird. A Management Plan for the Zwartkops River Reserve. University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth.

  25. Hoffman M T et al. 1987. Vegetation. In: (compilers) P Martin and G Kerley. A preliminary survey of the biota of the Wildebeeskom, Camdeboo Education Centre. University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth.

  26. Hoffman M T 1986. Report to the Habitat Council on the erosion problem in the Paterson and Alexandria Districts, eastern Cape.

  27. Hoffman M T 1984. Checklist of plant species at Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary, Cape Town. Divisional Council of the Cape.

  28. Hoffman M T 1984. Post-fire regeneration studies in Western Cape Province coastal foreland vegetation at Pella, South Africa. Unpublished Botany (Honours) Thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town. (December 1984).

  29. Hoffman M T 1983. The grasslands of the Hluleka Nature Reserve. Botany Club, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch.

 

(v) Popular articles and professional communications

 

  1. Hoffman MT 2022. Book Review. Bollig M. Shaping the African savanna: from Capitalist frontier to Arid Eden in Namibia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2020. 404 pages, hardback, ISBN 9781108488488.  Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 12:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-021-00215-3

  2. Davis CL, Hoffman MT and Roberts W. 2016. Climate change on our doorstep: Namaqualand is heating up. Quest Magazine 12/2 2016.

  3. Okubamichael D, Jack S, de wet Bosenberg J, Hoffman MT and Donaldson JS 2016 Repeat photography confirms alarming decline in South African cycads. Veld & Flora December 2016.

  4. Hoffman MT 2016. Sophia and the scientists. Essay in: (Eds) Rohde R and O’Connell S. Hanging on a Wire: Photographs by Sophia Klaase. Fourthwall Books. ISBN 978-0-9922404-3-1.

  5. Poulsen ZC and Hoffman MT 2015. The camera never lies: Using repeat photography to document forest change in Table Mountain National Park. Veld & Flora 101(1): 23-25. March 2015.

  6. Stevens N, Bond W, Hoffman T and Midgley G 2015. Change is in the air: Ecological trends and their drivers in South Africa.  South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Pretoria. Pp. 1-32.

  7. Hoffman MT 2012. Book Review. Richardson DM (ed). Fifty years of invasion ecology: The legacy of Charles Elton. Chichester, Blackwell Publishing, Chichester. 2011. 432 pp. ISBN 978-1-4443-3586-6. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 67(3):167-168.

  8. Hoffman M.T. 2009. Book Review: Rubio JL, Safriel U, Daussa R, Blum WEH and Pedrazzini F (eds). Water scarcity, land degradation and desertification in the Mediterranean region: Environmental and security aspects. Springer, The Netherlands. 2009. 156 pp. ISBN 978-90-481-2525-8. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 26 (3) : 193-194.

  9. Hoffman, M.T. 2006. Book Review: Kate Showers, Imperial Gullies: Soil erosion and conservation in Lesotho. South African Historical Journal 55: 234-237.

  10. Hoffman, M.T., O'Farrell, P. & Rohde, R. 2006. Photographing our changing world. Veld & Flora 92(1): 14-15. March 2006.

  11. Duncan, J.D., Hoffman, M.T. & Rohde, R.F. 2005. Is the flagship of the Richtersveld sinking? New information on the decline of Aloe pillansii. Veld & Flora 91(4): 180-181. December 2005.

  12. Hoffman M.T. & Rourke J. 2003. The making of a legacy: Tributes to a plant lover - Leslie Hill 1908-2003. Veld & Flora 89(2): 44. June 2003.

  13. Todd, S. W. & Hoffman, M. T. 1998. Communal rangelands in semi-arid South Africa. Veld & Flora 84(3): 82.

  14. Todd, S. W. & Hoffman, M. T. 1998. Fenced in and nowhere to go. Veld & Flora 84(3): 82.

  15. Scogings P & Hoffman MT 1996. The commons debate hots up: Global change and the future of southern Africa's communal rangelands. Bulletin of the Southern African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists 15(2): 18-20.

  16. Davis G W & Hoffman M T 1996. Look what's cooking at the Karoo Botanical Garden. Veld & Flora 82(4), 102-104.

  17. Hoffman M T 1996. "Things sweet to tast prove in digestion sour". Veld & Flora 82(4), 134.

  18. Milton S J, Dean W R J, Hoffman M T & Kerley G I H 1995. Why can't developed countries control desertification? Bulletin of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 6(1), 15-17.

  19. Dean W R J, Hoffman M T, Kerley G I H & Milton S J 1995. Desertification in developed countries: in search of the silver bullet. South African Journal of Science 91, 213-215.

  20. Hoffman M T 1995. Ecology and rural development. Bulletin of the southern African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists, 14(2), 28.

  21. Hoffman M T 1995. Roasting in Riemvasmaak. NBI Newsletter 22, 23-24. April 1995.

  22. Dean W R J, Hoffman M T & Willis C K 1995. The light and the way in South African desertification research. South African Journal of Science 92, 170-171.

  23. Hoffman M T 1994. The Arid Zone Ecology Forum. Forum Botanicum 31(1), 1-3. [ISSN 0015-847X March 1994].

  24. Hoffman M T 1994. Desertification in Namibia: A conference on prevention. Bulletin of the southern African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists 13(2), 14-17.

  25. Hoffman M T, Kerley G I H, Milton S J & DeanW R J 1994. Desertification in developed countries. Bulletin of the southern African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists, 13(3), 15-16.

  26. Hoffman M T 1993. Visit of Henry-Noel Le Houerou. Bulletin of the South African Institute of Ecologists 12(3), December 1993, p. 14.

  27. Hoffman M T 1992. Long-term ecological research in the United States and South Africa. Bulletin of the South African Institute of Ecologists 11(1), 18-21.

  28. Hoffman M T 1992. (Published as "Bulletin Correspondent for the Middle East"). South Africans abroad: A conversation with Karen Esler. Bulletin of the South African Institute of Ecologists 11(1), 24-27.

  29. Pickett G A and Hoffman M T 1992. Karosion: Soil erosion in the Karoo. Veld & Flora 78(1), 8-9.

  30. Hoffman M T 1991. Is the Karoo spreading? Veld & Flora 77(1), 4-7.

  31. Midgley G F and Hoffman M T 1991. Heuweltjies: nutrient factories. Veld & Flora 77(3), 72-75.

  32. Stoltz C W and Hoffman M T 1989. Can the ecological index method be used to assess condition of Valley Bushveld ? Dohne Agric 11(1), 23-25.

  33. Hoffman M T 1989. Book Review: Holistic Resource Management by A Savory. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 6(3), 173. [Reproduced in the South African Institute of Ecologists Bulletin 9(1), 10-12: 1990].

  34. Hoffman M T 1988. The fourth annual research meeting of the Karoo Biome Project: In search of a paradigm. South African Institute of Ecologists Bulletin 7(2), 23-29.

  35. Hoffman M T and Everard D A 1987. Neglected and abused- the eastern Cape subtropical thickets. Veld & Flora 73(2), 43-45.

  36. Hoffman M T 1987. The future management and control of the Cape Peninsula Nature area. South African Institute of Ecologists Bulletin 6(1), 24-26.

  37. Palmer A R, Everard D A and Hoffman M T 1987. Memorandum on the subtropical thicket and forest of the eastern Cape. South African Institute of Ecologists Bulletin 6(2), 2-3.